Since 2023, a new process for estimating educational attainment has been implemented with the aim of systematically enhancing information derived from administrative sources. Unlike the previous approach, which relied entirely on statistical models, the new methodology follows the logic of register-based estimation and pursues a dual objective: to correct the undercoverage present in administrative sources while simultaneously preserving the original data whenever it is deemed reliable. In addition, the process includes an annual updating mechanism designed to reduce longitudinal inconsistencies and enhance the stability of the estimates over time.

Population and Housing Census: The population and housing census collects information on persons usually resident in each municipality, thus providing an overview of the demographic and social structure of Italy and its territories.
The new permanent census is based on the integration between data from administrative sources and those acquired through surveys involving a representative sample of municipalities and households each year.
In order to guarantee greater timeliness and frequency of the information produced, in addition to the decennial national and European dissemination, a reduced set of tables at municipal level has been published on a subset of census variables on an annual basis, which can be modified overtime.
In some cases, the households participating in the sample surveys each year receive a letter signed by the President of ISTAT in which they are given the credentials to access the electronic questionnaire and fill it out in all its parts, in others they are contacted by an enumerator authorised by the municipality to carry out or schedule an interview.
The contents of the Permanent Population and Housing Census are established on the basis of the European Union Regulations, the census data users needs and to ensure the continuity of some time series. The dissemination topics concern the main demographic information, citizenship, internal and international migration, households, housing and other socioeconomic information.

Any differences between the data obtained as the sum of the categories and the totals or subtotals, observable in the same table or in other tables already disseminated, are due to the effects of rounding applied to the estimates.